TV News Broadcast

Key Term Definitions

Cutaway: In film and video, a cutaway shot is the interruption of a continuously filmed action by inserting a view of something else. It is usually, although not always, followed by a cut back to the first shot, when the cutaway avoids a jump cut. The cutaway shot does not necessarily contribute any dramatic content of its own, but is used to help the editor assemble a longer sequence.

Direct Address To Camera: Direct address. direct address. Grammar. the use of a term or name for the person spoken to, as in securing the attention of that person; use of a vocative form.

News Presenters

What do news presenters do?

• A news producer manages a television news show’s content. He or she might also gather news stories, write scripts and manage the overall flow of the show. There are no specific educational requirements, but a news producer typically has a college degree.

• Deciding which items to include in a news show can be the most important task a news producer will complete. He or she might meet with editors, news directors and photographers in order to decide which news stories to use for a program. Together they decide what might be used.

• Keeping an eye on wire reports and other news outlets is another way a producer might find content for a news program. Monitoring other news sources can give a news producer perspective on the way another source covered a story or how another source reported on one the producer didn’t choose. This part of the job can last all day.

• A producer must follow through with all stories that he or she decides to use. Some stories might fall through, and new stories can develop. A producer must make sure that all stories that are expected to be used for the program feature the most current information and are portrayed in an interesting and accurate way.

• Not only must a news producer decide on content for a show, he or she must also write scripts or oversee the writing of scripts for news anchors. The producer will assign anchors to the various stories being covered. Scripts for the anchors will then be placed in order based on the order of pieces being covered in the show.

• Ensuring sufficient video and graphics are available is another part of what a news producer does. These items make a news story interesting and help convey additional information about the subject. If video or graphics are not available, the producer should be able to know how to locate appropriate ones.

• The ability to think on one’s feet can be an asset when working as a news producer. Breaking news might happen at any time of day, or a story might not be ready for the show in time. Also, a show could be running too long or too short, so content might need to be pulled or added. All of these can require the news producer to make split-second decisions.

Others things news presenters do

• Interview people
• Inform the audience on news stories
• Introduce people
• Narrate stories with graphical videos or images on the screen 
• Work with other presenters and crew members
• Interviews in studios or other locations
• Rewrite or edit the script
• Conduct in-depth research

What skills do news readers need?

• Knowledge base: An understanding of issues, names, geography, history and the ability to put all of these in perspective for viewers. It comes from the journalist’s commitment to being a student of the news.

• Ability to process new information: Sorting, organizing, prioritizing and retaining massive amounts of incoming data.

• Ethical compass: Sensitivity to ethical land mines that often litter the field of live breaking news — unconfirmed information, graphic video, words that potentially panic, endanger public safety or security or words that add pain to already traumatized victims and those who care about them.

• Command of the language: Dead-on grammar, syntax, pronunciation, tone and storytelling — no matter how stressed or tired the anchor or reporter may be.

• Interviewing finesse: An instinct for what people need and want to know, for what elements are missing from the story, and the ability to draw information by skillful, informed questioning and by listening.

• Mastery of multitasking: The ability to simultaneously: take in a producer’s instructions via an earpiece while scanning new information from computer messages, texts or Twitter; listen to what other reporters on the team are sharing and interviewees are adding; monitor incoming video — and yes, live-tweet info to people who have come to expect information in multiple formats.

• Appreciation of all roles: An understanding of the tasks and technology that go into the execution of a broadcast, the ability to roll with changes and glitches, and anticipate all other professionals involved.

• Acute sense of timing: The ability to condense or expand one’s speech on demand, to sense when a story needs refreshing or recapping, to know without even looking at a clock how many words are needed to fill the minute while awaiting a satellite window, live feed or interviewee.

Other skills needed

• Knowledge on journalism
• Fast thinkers
• Confident
• Believable
• Focused 
• Editorial knowledge
• Well spoken
• Clear voice 

Visual Codes

• News reporters
• News presenters
• Inteviews
• News interviewers
• Field reporters

What do Field Reporters do?

• Report news from outside the studio
• Live from the scene
• Pre record broadcasts shown as parts of a news show
• Known as 'off screen reporters'

TV News Broadcasts Include

• Voicer
• Cut aways
• Vox pop
• Establishing shot
• Scene change
• Facts through graphic
• Interviews: human interest

Definitions

Experts: a person who is very knowledgeable about or skilful in a particular area. makes the stories more genuine and reliable - credibility.

Witnesses: a person who sees an event, typically a crime or accident, take place. someone involved often a civilian, makes TV new more believable.

Vox Pops; popular opinion as represented by informal comments from members of the public, especially when broadcast or published. more real, varied opinions.

Actuality footage: The actuality film is a non-fiction film genre that like the documentary film uses footage of real events, places, and things, yet unlike the documentary is not structured into a larger argument, picture of the phenomenon or coherent whole. In practice, actuality films preceded the emergence of the documentary.

Mise-en-scene: the arrangement of scenery and stage properties in a play. The setting or surroundings of an event. Includes; set, location, set design, colour, costume, studios, lighting/sound, positioning, props, actors and body language.

Codes and Conventions of News Broadcasting 

News broadcasting is the broadcasting of various news events and other information via television, radio or internet in the field of broadcast journalism. The content is usually either produced locally in a radio studio or television studio newsroom, or by a broadcast network.

BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs. This department is the world's largest broadcast news organisation. It generates around 120 hours of radio and television output each day, also including online news coverage. The service maintains 45 foreign news bureaux and has correspondents in almost every country. The department's annual budget is £350 million and has a staff of 3,500 (2,000 being journalists). Through the BBC English Regions, BBC News has regional centres across England as well as national news centres in Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. All regions and nations produce their own local news programmes and other current affairs and sport programmes.

The news report I watched and identified the codes and conventions with was Thursday 2nd October 2014 episode of BBC News at 10pm.

Appearance: 

The presenter of the news broadcaster is dressed extremely smartly and his whole appearance is sharp and neat. He's wearing a suit which fits with the professional feel of the programme. He looks well groomed which shows that he takes pride in his appearance which personifies with how BBC is represented; its a big company and at the top of its game so only the smartest people are used as the face of the corporation. The news presenter looks reliable and trustworthy which is essential for this role of presenting as there job is to inform the general public with local and worldwide news. The presenter is also exceptionally well spoken which makes him more professional and someone who the audience would want to listen to.

Presenters: 

There is one main presenter throughout the 30 minute news broadcasting, who discusses every different story which is shown, he often switches over to a news reporter which is at the location to add more depth to stories. There are only two other presenters throughout the news show which is the sports presenter who discusses sport stories in the sport slot, the other presenter is the weather person who discusses today's weather and the next days.


Footage: 

Throughout the news broadcast, footage from multiple different stories were shown. Each article the news presenter discussed moments after in the background was footage which related to the story. One example of this was when the presenter spoke about the heartbreaking murder of 14 year old Alice Gross, video footage from the crime scene was shown in the background.


Camera Angles:

Multiple different camera angles were used in the 30 minute news broadcast. It started with a close up angle focusing on the presenters facial expressions as he started reporting on the main headline. Throughout the angles would change from close up, mid close ups and long angle shots which creates a good variety and makes it more interesting and exciting. As the audience would lose interest if everything was in the same angle for the whole programme. It also changes depending on what is actually happening in the show; when theirs an interview the clip starts with a long angle which shows the whole studio to the audience and then it goes to a mid close up shot. The camera angles look sharp professional which is done through the use of a tripod; all professional TV or film companies use tripods.

Graphics:

Graphics are used throughout news broadcasts as a way of adding the professional element to the programme. Graphics are shown on screens in the background when the presenter is discussing a story and the cameraman often zooms into the graphics onto the screen whilst the presenter is talking as the voice over or a reporter from the story on the screen is the voice over. Graphics will always be used in news broadcasting as they are an essential element to sharing news. Graphics are also used to show weather and sport, with the weather person speaking to a graphic screen which shows the weather for the next few days in the background.

Lighting:

Lighting used in news broadcasting is very strong and sharp lighting which focuses on the facial expressions of the presenter. Every flaw is shown which is why presenters and reporters will always be wearing a lot of stage make up so there flaws aren't on show but also to make them look alive and healthy as people are more likely to be listen and be interested in a presenter who visually looks good.


Interviews & Reporters:

The 10pm news broadcasting doesn't have many interviews live from the studio as its the end of the day which usually shows the most important parts of the days news stories. However when the presenter started discussing a story which had more detail to be shown the show went to a different location were either a news reporter or somebody who had a significant involvement started discussing the story in more depth. The reporters were equally dressed and looked smart like the presenter; either wearing a suit or smart clothing and having well groomed appearance.

TV News Broadcast Analysis Sheet 

This is an image of the worksheet which we completed as a class during lesson time on the 13/10/2014.

Documentary Codes & Conventions - Catfish Case Study

Catfish is a 2010 American documentary film directed by Henry Joost and Ariel Schulman, involving a young man, Nev, being filmed by his brother and friend, co-directors Ariel and Henry, as he builds a romantic relationship with a young woman on the social networking website Facebook. The film was a critical and commercial success, even inspiring an MTV reality TV series, Catfish: The TV Show.

1. What type of documentary mode is Catfish, give examples as to how you know this?

The type of documentary mode used in Catfish is Performative as the main character Yaniv is the subject of the documentary as well as one of the main filmmakers actually making the documentary. Throughout the documentary we see his opinions and the whole film is completely based around him and his experience of being 'catfished'. The actual documentary is about a young male who is being filmed by his filmmaker brother and his friend which focuses on his relationship/friendship with a young farmers girl named Angela. Its unique as the relationship has completely been based around the social networking site Facebook, but the firstly seeing sweet and romantic story line turned dark and strange as the audience as well as Yaniv and the filmmakers discovered that in fact it wasn't a young girl he was speaking to but actually a middle aged mother. Some conventions which are used in Catfish and show that this documentary is performative are dramatization, voice overs, music and narravtivsation. The dramatisation used in Catfish consist of cliff hangers, which are used to keep the viewer engaged in the film and keep the interest and excitement running. As viewers we want to witness exciting viewing so cliffhangers are essential for keeping people automatically interested. One example of a good cliffhanger was the consistent questioning of whether Yaniv is going to meet her or not, if she even exists of not? these are good cliff hangers as it keeps us waiting till right at the end of the film to see what happens or not, in a sense its telling a story; starts with giving the viewers an idea of whats happening, the middle is where is gets more exciting and cliff hangers and used and finally when the story is revealed. Another convention used was voice overs, throughout the documentary the voice over we hear the most is Yaniv and also the voice of Angela, through phone calls which gives us an understanding of who she is. Throughout the film theirs no particular voice over which tells the story of the film or the different sides of the story, this is done because the documentary is completely one sided and isn't trying to steer the viewers opinions. Music is also another important convention, the most popular reason why music is used is when to add suspense through different moments and also to change scenes some music is often played. One time when the music was the most suspense was when he was about to meet Angela who he'd been chatting to for months through social media, the music was extremely suspense which builds tension and drama. Throughout the documentary we hear many different music lay overs and all for different reasons.

2. Explain your understanding of the films title, 'Catfish'. What roles did Yaniv and Angela play in each other's lives?

The documentary is called Catfish after Angela's (the actual Catfish who pretended to be a completely different person to manipulate Yaniv) husband near the ending of the documentary describes a story of the tanker ships importing trout. The story was that after weeks traveling by sea and finally reaching it's destination, traders found that the trout became limp, slimy and the meat was no longer tender due to the lack of activity of being in the holding tank. Some of the fish even died. So traders put catfish in the tanks to keep the trout excited and moving, never know when it's coming next. Always keeping the trout on their toes. Hes basically referring to the comparison of catfish and people, he says that catfish are people who keep you on your toes, like people in your life who will keep you going in all situations. This is the line Angela's husband uttered towards the end of the movie Catfish "They used to tank cod from Alaska all the way to China. They’d keep them in vats in the ship. By the time the codfish reached China the flesh was mush and tasteless. So this guy came up with this idea that if you put these cods in these big vats, put some catfish in with them. And the catfish would keep the cod agile. And there are those people who are catfish in life. And they keep you on your toes, they keep you guessin’ they keep you thinkin’ they keep you fresh. And I thank god for the catfish, because we would be dull and boring if we didn’t have somebody nipping at our fin.".

The roles Yaniv and Angela play in each other's lives are very significant as essentially for months they were each others daily thoughts and they completely feel in love with each other through social media and technology which is slightly bizarre to the outside world as how you can besotted by someone who you've never actually meet in person. They also played a significant part in each others lives as they had daily contact through phone calls, Facebook messenger and texts which obviously is going to make their relationship stronger as the days go past. Due to them having so much contact the relationship they both share will get stronger and feelings they have for each other will grow; which is why when Yaniv found out Angela completely lied about her true identity it was such a powerful devastation for him as this whole situation was just based around lies and fantasy.Angela in general plays a huge role in this movie because she pretends to be so many people that she could only wish to be, and Yaniv begins to become friends with all of these people. At the start he simply thinks that these are just different people, but in the end knowing she had made 15 different fake accounts, using each one to talk to Yaniv, was very disappointing through his eyes and Angela made all of these accounts to pretend to be people she only wishes she could be. This does make you feel very sympathetic towards Angela as this wasn't done in a malicious and mean way; she wasn't intentionally trying to hurt Yaniv, she was purely trying to slightly the fantasy shes always dreamed of.

3. In what ways is Catfish similar to or different from other documentaries you have seen?

Catfish is a documentary which is unique to any other documentaries I have watched in the past as it focuses more on a dramatic theme rather then purely informing the audience with factual information. A lot of the scenes are created in a dramatic way to dramatize the happenings with the use of dramatic music, dramatic scene changing and the participants in the actual documentaries use of dramatic acting to make the events seem more shocking. However Catfish is similar to Benefit Street as it focuses on a shocking situation and uses scene manipulation to excite and attract the audience. This documentary is different to the rest I have watched because this is the least real, it does not display any firm if realism in it or 'truth' their are no reenactments its all happening as they film which makes it seem like it has been directed.

4. There have been some debate over the authenticity of the events in Catfish (research this if you are not aware). How does that affect the way you feel about the film? Do you think the film intentionally blurs the line between documentary and drama?

A lot of people have argued how real Catfish actually is and whether or not its a real adaption. Catfish is being marketed as a cautionary documentary that explores the world of online relationships, or at least a couple of online relationships that one guy has. The relationship seems slightly staged and overly dramatized as the filmmaker manipulated certain scenes to make the situations seem more tense and shocking. I think some people will judge the authenticity of the documentary as at the time it was opening up a topic which had rarely been discussed before and in general it is a extremely controversial and mind blowing story line which will make people question whether it actually is real. People questioning the truth behind Catfish has affected how I feel about the documentary as it slightly takes away the pure reactions I felt towards it as the constant questioning whether its been completely made up and a form of manipulation towards the audience tarnishes the actually fascinating documentary. I personally feel the documentary is based around a real story but some scenes have been purposely adapted to create a dramatized feeling for the audience. The film has intentionally blurred the lines between documentary and drama but this wasn't hidden through Catfish and done in bad way. I feel if the documentary didn't add a dramatic side to it, The film would be slightly dull and tedious as it would be documenting every single moment through the relationship of Yaniv and Angela, also the discovery of her lies and hidden secrets. If the filmmakers didn't decide to add a touch of drama the actual dramatic moments wouldn't seem so significant as the audience would lose interest. Personally I don't believe adding drama to a documentary is a negative thing as the majority of filmmakers won't purely show the complete unedited truth of something as it's would entertain or interest the audience. Multiple documentaries I've seen in the past like Benefit Street and The 12 Year Old Lifer include dramatized editing which I personally adds the entertainment factor to documentaries and if your aware of filmmaker manipulation you won't be fooled between documentary and drama.

5. How it the making of the documentary as much as a part of the film as the main story line?

The making of the documentary also is much of the part of the film as the main story line as it shows the audience how real and natural the film actually is; nothing is overly staged and the majority of the scenes are mostly undramatic as its film-making whats happening straight as the 'characters' find out. Deciding to allow the audience to see the documentary being made first hand allows the audience to make up their decision whether its factual or fiction it also makes it so much more realistic as we are seeing what the characters find out first hand and the reactions are real and true; nothing is told beforehand and the characters aren't acting their purely documentary the discovery of the catfish Angela. Often documentaries decide to show the audience the film actually being made as a way of showing the viewers that nothing about the documentary is fake as its raw and not staged; what you see is what's happening, scenes having been manipulated like for example in mock documentary The Only Way Is Essex.

Codes & Conventions of News Broadcasts & Documentaries

Codes and Conventions Definitions

Codes;

• Codes are systems of signs, which create meaning. Codes can be divided into two categories – technical and symbolic.
• Technical codes are all the ways in which equipment is used to tell the story in a media text, for example the camera work in a film.
• Symbolic codes show what is beneath the surface of what we see. For example, a character's actions show you how the character is feeling.
• Some codes fit both categories – music for example, is both technical and symbolic.

Conventions;

• Conventions are the generally accepted ways of doing something. There are general conventions in any medium, such as the use of interviewee quotes in a print article, but conventions are also genre specific.

Codes and Conventions of Documentaries 

12 Year Old Lifer - Channel 4 Documentary

In April 2010, in the small town of Enchanted Hills in Indiana, 12 year-old Paul Gingerich helped his friend, 15-year-old Colt Lundy, shoot and kill Colt’s stepfather. The shocking murder of Philip Danner was carried out by two middle-class boys with no prior criminal records. The story of the crime is one that has both gripped and baffled the whole of America. With unprecedented access to both boys, their families, and the ongoing court case, this True stories film offers an extraordinary insight into the crime and its aftermath. It also allows the key players in the case to give poignant and candid interviews telling their side of the story. After plotting the crime in the local playground after school, Paul and Colt shot Phillip multiple times. They then stole his car, fled the scene and were eventually picked up by the police after travelling 200 miles. To this day there is no known motive for the crime. Despite their ages, both Paul and Colt were tried and sentenced as adults, and are each serving 30 years. At 12, Paul is one of the youngest children in American history to be waived adult court. Colt was sent straight to a maximum security adult prison and will be transferred to the adult wing when he turns 18. Paul’s family is waging a controversial and historic appeal for him to be re-tried as a juvenile, meaning that he could avoid being sent to adult prison and remain in a juvenile detention facility.

The documentary was first broadcast on Thursday 2nd of May 2013 and has a duration time of 52 minutes.

The main themes in the documentary:
Family disputes
Teenage crime
Prison life
Teenagers being impressionable on others
Children/ teenagers growing up/ living in prison

Code and Conventions of the documentary 

Actuality: 

Actuality footage is used throughout 12 Year Old Lifer, because the documentary is aimed at telling the audience a story the use of just interviews wouldn't be as interesting and understanding, so the filmmaker chose to use actuality footage makes it more realistic and believable. An example of this in 12 Year Old Lifer was the cut in between interviews which showed shots of locations related to the documentary like play grounds which symbolize how young the murderers actually are and also how they planned the unthinkable murder in an actual playground.

Voice over:

The voice over on 12 Year Old Lifer is a mix from the narrator and the interviewees. The documentary starts with the narrator discussing the crime and the background of the two youths. Its usually common for documentaries to start with a narrator summarizing the topic otherwise the audience wouldn't understand previous events if it went straight into interviews it also makes the documentary flow better. The other voice overs used in the documentary are from the interviewees, rather then just the interviews being visually shown in a way of the camera on the interviewee talking straight to the camera. In 12 Year Old Lifer the filmmaker uses what the interviewees are saying as the voice over and whilst this is happening what the interviewees are saying is shown visually on the screen. For example when the parents of Paul are talking about their sons life before his sentence, footage from his past like his school, his old home was shown whilst the parents were the voice over.

Direct and Indirect Interviews:

Interviews are used throughout 12 Year Old Lifer to add depth and back up the documentary. It also allows the key players in the case to give poignant and candid interviews telling their side of the story. A range of people are interviewed which makes it more interesting as it has plenty of sides to the story and makes it genuinely more interesting as its not an hour worth of facts or voice over which could be slightly tedious. Some of the people interviewed are the criminals who committed the crime, police officers involved in the case, family members of the victims and felons, people involved in the court case ect. With all these ranges of interviews it makes a big variety of opinions and comments; the documentary is less bias as theirs no favorited side. The documentary also showed a change of interviews; some of the interviews from the murderers Paul and Colt were recorded when they first committed the crime and then interviews from present day which showed the audience the contrast from when they were young to when they were older; also shows their developments, gain of maturity and responsibility. The interviews from family members were very heart felt and touching, they were sharing personal details about them which made the audience feel more touched and spoken directly to. An example of this was when the victim Paul Gingerich's children were discussing the life and personality of the father and husband; a very personal and touching moment.

Archival footage:

Archival footage was used in 12 Year Old Lifer as a way of showing the real life footage from the case. One example of archival footage used was when the two teenagers were arrested and taken into prison in handcuffs this footage was used to show the audience how young the two boys were when they were arrested it also was good way to visually shock the audience as sometimes pictures just aren't enough. Footage from the crime scene was also used, making the documentary very good as it's bringing realness and reliability to it.



Camera Angles:

The camera angles used in 12 Year Old Lifer are typical to crime style documentary, it was recorded in a way which felt real and not overly produced although it had a lot of good information and professional techniques. The documentary was recorded in a professional style but not completely set up, nothing was crazily staged apart from the interviews. The angles in the interview changed to the people who were being interviewed, the interviews with the police officers used camera angles which were straight on, style like a one on one conversation. However that was different with the interviews of victims and felons family members, the camera angles used were medium shots on a high angle style which makes the objects seem small, unharmful and innocent which is what the filmmaker wants them to be portrayed as because the audience are supposed to feel sorry for these people. The camera angles used when interviewing the two criminals were close up low angle shots to make them seem intimidating and daunting. Also the close up style shot focuses on their facial expressions allowing the audience to really understand what they are saying.




Montage:

12 Year Old Life used the technique of montage through telling the background of the shocking crime, then showing Paul the youngest murderers side of the story and then in the final part showing the second murderer and step son of the victim Colt's side of the argument. the documentary was shown in a sequence and then in between other details were told. The documentary started with the police officer on the crime and the family of the victim discussing what events actually took place, which gave the audience awareness of what the actual documentary was about. The second part focused on 12 year old Paul's involvement in the murder and his family are fighting for justice as they believe he was unfairly tarnished with the same brush as Colt and they haven't took the fact he was influenced to do it. Interviews with the police, Paul and his family all were used as techniques to back up Paul's argument. Due to the documentary not being biased they also showed the other side of the argument in the final part of the programme which focused on Colt and his unfair prejudgment. The filmmakers visited Colt and allowed him to justice his decisions and why he actually did it. In between the three main parts of the documentary other information was shown like the victims life, focused on how young the teens actually were and how it become a worldwide news shocker.

Codes and Conventions of News Broadcasting 

News broadcasting is the broadcasting of various news events and other information via television, radio or internet in the field of broadcast journalism. The content is usually either produced locally in a radio studio or television studio newsroom, or by a broadcast network.

BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs. This department is the world's largest broadcast news organisation. It generates around 120 hours of radio and television output each day, also including online news coverage. The service maintains 45 foreign news bureaux and has correspondents in almost every country. The department's annual budget is £350 million and has a staff of 3,500 (2,000 being journalists). Through the BBC English Regions, BBC News has regional centres across England as well as national news centres in Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. All regions and nations produce their own local news programmes and other current affairs and sport programmes.

The news report I watched and identified the codes and conventions with was Thursday 2nd October 2014 episode of BBC News at 10pm.

Appearance: 

The presenter of the news broadcaster is dressed extremely smartly and his whole appearance is sharp and neat. He's wearing a suit which fits with the professional feel of the programme. He looks well groomed which shows that he takes pride in his appearance which personifies with how BBC is represented; its a big company and at the top of its game so only the smartest people are used as the face of the corporation. The news presenter looks reliable and trustworthy which is essential for this role of presenting as there job is to inform the general public with local and worldwide news. The presenter is also exceptionally well spoken which makes him more professional and someone who the audience would want to listen to.

Presenters: 

There is one main presenter throughout the 30 minute news broadcasting, who discusses every different story which is shown, he often switches over to a news reporter which is at the location to add more depth to stories. There are only two other presenters throughout the news show which is the sports presenter who discusses sport stories in the sport slot, the other presenter is the weather person who discusses today's weather and the next days.


Footage: 

Throughout the news broadcast, footage from multiple different stories were shown. Each article the news presenter discussed moments after in the background was footage which related to the story. One example of this was when the presenter spoke about the heartbreaking murder of 14 year old Alice Gross, video footage from the crime scene was shown in the background.


Camera Angles:

Multiple different camera angles were used in the 30 minute news broadcast. It started with a close up angle focusing on the presenters facial expressions as he started reporting on the main headline. Throughout the angles would change from close up, mid close ups and long angle shots which creates a good variety and makes it more interesting and exciting. As the audience would lose interest if everything was in the same angle for the whole programme. It also changes depending on what is actually happening in the show; when theirs an interview the clip starts with a long angle which shows the whole studio to the audience and then it goes to a mid close up shot. The camera angles look sharp professional which is done through the use of a tripod; all professional TV or film companies use tripods.

Graphics:

Graphics are used throughout news broadcasts as a way of adding the professional element to the programme. Graphics are shown on screens in the background when the presenter is discussing a story and the cameraman often zooms into the graphics onto the screen whilst the presenter is talking as the voice over or a reporter from the story on the screen is the voice over. Graphics will always be used in news broadcasting as they are an essential element to sharing news. Graphics are also used to show weather and sport, with the weather person speaking to a graphic screen which shows the weather for the next few days in the background.

Lighting:

Lighting used in news broadcasting is very strong and sharp lighting which focuses on the facial expressions of the presenter. Every flaw is shown which is why presenters and reporters will always be wearing a lot of stage make up so there flaws aren't on show but also to make them look alive and healthy as people are more likely to be listen and be interested in a presenter who visually looks good.


Interviews & Reporters:

The 10pm news broadcasting doesn't have many interviews live from the studio as its the end of the day which usually shows the most important parts of the days news stories. However when the presenter started discussing a story which had more detail to be shown the show went to a different location were either a news reporter or somebody who had a significant involvement started discussing the story in more depth. The reporters were equally dressed and looked smart like the presenter; either wearing a suit or smart clothing and having well groomed appearance.